Clip Hair Extensions

Is bald the real beauty? No, if it is so the nature has not provided us hair. There are hundred thousands to one hundred fifty thousands hair on the head of a normal human being. Hair depend on the inner skin for their existence and nourishment. They grow from saclike structures under the skin which known as follicles. The bottom part of the hair which is attached to skin is called hair root. Generally, 50 to 150 hairs fall everyday; there is nothing to worry about it. But, faster rate of hair fall can lead to baldness. Hair fall whenever proper nourishment is not available for them from follicles.

There are numerous types of baldness and remedies are also different. Male pattern baldness is a type of baldness from which at lot of people all over the world are suffering. This baldness is also known as Alopecia in men; Baldness-male; Hair loss in men. The main characteristics of this kind of baldness are remaining hair on the head acquire shape of ‘M’ and they become very thin. This baldness generally starts sat the age of 30, however many cases of early hair fall are also reported. The progress of this disease is slow and not associated with itching and pain. The slowness prevents people to take appropriate corrective measures to cure this disease.
Male pattern baldness is usually caused by hormonal disorder in the body and genetic also affect this kind of baldness. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a hormone secreted in the body to initiate the process of puberty in male. This hormone starts the growth of pubic hairs and beard but its effect on hair of head is reverse and deteriorating. It reduces the size of follicle in the scalp. Contracted follicles cannot hold and nourish hair hence hair starts falling. Thus, excess of DHT can be murderous for hair of head.
Male pattern baldness can be cured with the help of Propecia. This is an oral-prescription drug which has approval from FDA. Propecia pills come in volume of 1mg. Propecia (finasteride) is a steroid Type II(±) reductase which can synthesize DHT into 5-Alpha DHT which does not affect follicles of scalp. In simple words it inhibits the unwanted working of DHT and prevents hair from falling.
Pruritus, hypersensitivity, and swelling of lips are some side effects of Propecia. The side effects are mild and will disappear after the use of drug for few days. Though use of Propecia is not associated with any harmful side effect but it is necessary to get doctor’s advice before switching to this drug. While using the drug avoid making your sex partner to conceive child, as the exact result of using Propecia on an embryo is not known.
Propecia effectiveness on male pattern baldness is unquestionable and side effects are minor and short lived then why to continue with ugly baldness.

The human body is continually growing and replacing hair. It is normal to lose a little hair every day. However, there are several conditions that cause abnormal hair loss.
Alopecia areata is hair loss of unknown origin. It results in small, usually round, suddenly appearing patches of complete baldness. There is no known cause. Only one in five cases has a genetic component. Sometimes alopecia areata is a result of an autoimmune disorder.
Alopecia areata is a form of hair loss that appears on the scalp, but may also occur on the beard. Sometimes it can even affect the eyebrows or eyelashes. Sometimes it is a result of stress. Alopecia areata can spontaneously correct itself, or it may respond to topical treatments such as prednisone. Injections and ultraviolet light are other treatments for this form of hair loss.
Another form of hair loss is called traction alopecia. People who wear tight braids, cornrows or ponytails can cause hair loss at places where the scalp has been pulled too tight. Nervous habits such as hair twisting can also cause traction alopecia. If the practice is stopped before the scalp develops scarring, it usually reverses the hair loss fairly quickly. Other kinds of scalp scarring, from overly hot hair treatments or the chemicals used in permanents or hair straightening, for example, may inflame follicles and cause permanent or temporary hair loss.
Some hair loss is caused by medicines such as blood thinners, chemotherapy agents, excessive use of vitamin A, birth control pills and antidepressants. This losing of hair usually reverses itself after the medication is stopped.
Many women worry about a perceived excessive losing of hair after childbirth. This is actually an issue of perception. During pregnancy, the body retains hair that would have normally fallen out every day. As pregnancy hormone levels drop, the retained hair is quickly lost. Losing several months’ worth of hair is more noticeable than daily shedding, but it is only your hair returning to its normal state and is not indicative of balding.

American hair loss association is an institution for education and research for hair loss treatment. They have started introducing drugs that could be useful in the hair loss treatment for women. They are not just new drugs, but they are the existing one with a lesser amount of dosage and combination of different drugs.Another reason why this treatment of drug in female is avoided is because not all the hair loss in female is due to androgenic loss. When there is a hair loss due to very low amount of androgenic hormone in female then drugs at prescribed dosage can be used until there is a remarkable change in the hair re growth.When the usage of this treatment is started in female there is a significant amount of hair growth and self esteem in female. These are suggested by the reviews made by them. Right amount of the drugs will always be useful both in male and female and also in all the kinds of disease in the human being. Care must be taken that hair does not fall during the treatment period.Lets now discuss about some drugs in the hair loss treatment of women. Some of the drugs are minoxidil 2% as topical treatment, Aldactone, Tagamet, Estrogen, Cyproterone Acetate and oral contraceptives. The manufacturer of minoxidil suggests only two percent of concentration should be used by females. Because it has not received the FDA approval for marketing the five percent concentrated minoxidil.Minoxidil is used in the treatment of high blood pressure which resulted in the stimulation of hair growth as a side effect. This made them to make a solution of minoxidil and apply directly on the scalp. This process stimulated the growth of hair. Women with androgeneic alopecia can use this product of minoxidil.Cimetidine is a drug for hair loss treatment is marketed under the brand name Tagamet. It has a powerful anti-androgenic effect and blocks the De-Hydro Testosterone hormone from binding the follicle receptor sites and thus allowing the hair follicles to do its work of hair growth.This drug is used to treat excess facial hair growth in women and the research studied in women with androgenic alopecia showing better result in the hair growth. A high dosage is needed to achieve hair growth result in female and so it should not be used by men should use this to treat their hair loss because it will cause feminizing effects including sexual side effects.Use of estrogen as hair loss treatment drug in women will also increase the growth of hair in female if the hair loss problem is due to the hormonal deficiency. This is known as hormone therapy. Estrogen is mainly given to women during menopause. It is used as a treatment for androgenetic Alopecia.

So you are considering a hair transplant?  Hair transplantation procedures have improved over time.  Normally  the hair graft that will be planted is taken from the backside of the head of the patient with the help of microscope-dissection. Afterwards, the follicular graft is kept in a saline source in order to keep it in the same condition as it was. Finally, the graft is fitted into it proper place.

The average  hair transplant surgeon makes use of 500-600 follicular unit grafts in a single day. This technique in less desirable for some due to high complexity and large time duration involved in the process. But there is another promising method called follicular unit extraction (FUE) that takes far less time and is less stressing on the body. This technique is more advanced and hence, costs more (normally twice) than the standard follicular hair transplantation.

The follicular unit of the adult human scalp consists of 1-4 terminal (full thickness) hair follicles.  There are 1-4 terminal (full thickness) hair follicles in the follicular unit of an adult that can be extracted using FUE technique. This process involves making a small punch into the patient’s donor area. The purpose of punch is to separate the follicular unit from the soft tissues that surround it. The follicular unit is now called a blunt dissection. The scars left behind are healed within a few days and can’t be seen after the hair growth has occurred.

But, as the standard strip excision method is less costly than the FUE procedure, it is still widely used by the hair transplant clinics. Still there is another good procedure called trichophytic closure technique that makes FUE technique less appealing by reducing further the appearance of linear donor scars.

The focus of new research is shifting towards hair cloning.  Once the research in this field gets successful, this strategy can be used to produce as many copies of the donor hair as required and then can be used in the standard transplantation procedures. One of the hurdles in traditional transplantation procedures is the unavailability of the required follicular units from the donor that can be resolved by hair cloning. As, with the help of this procedure many copies of a single hair can be obtained.

But still there are several problems to be resolved first in order to make the cloning procedure applicable in practicality, like the safety of the cloned hair, after effects, etc. Besides research in hair transplantation the advancements in drug therapy is also not behind and is trying to solve the problem of thinning hair effectively in the form of some medications like Provillus or Rogaine.

Hair Loss: one of the most confounding conditions men and women have ever struggled with. People consider their hair as kings consider their crown; an important part of one’s identity, an important part of one’s self. Hair and hair loss are often considered as indicators of one’s youth. That is why people are always appalled whenever faced with the possibility of hair loss. Hence we often do whatever they can and believe whatever we hear just to make sure that we get to keep that precious hair of ours as thick and as healthy as can be.

Hair loss can be common in females and is more common following the menopause; however, alopecia will not manifest in all cases. In many cases the sufferer will simply notice increased hair loss and thinning of the hair; early treatment can improve the outcome. Although alopecia tends to be socially accepted in males it is unacceptable in females and in many cases it can have devastating effects on the sufferer’s emotional state and confidence. But you should not despair – hair loss can be prevented and stopped once you know what causes it and what you should do.

The real causes of hair loss or alopecia, as it is clinically known, have already been explained by science, however, before we proceed to know the real causes of hair loss, let us first see and examine the prevalent myths about why hair loss occur in women.

There are many websites that try to dispel the “myths” of womens hair loss but some of these so-called “myths” do have a basis for truth. Let’s now examine many of these popular “myths” and provide a balanced response.

Myth Number One: Frequent shampooing contributes to hair loss. Many websites say this is “rubbish”, however, in textbooks of trichology it is recommended that “extra care” should be taken for fragile and thinning hair. These measures include using gentle shampoos as heavily medicated shampoos can affect the scalp and brushing should be gentle as well. Any tangles of hair should be separated without pulling of the hair. So, it’s not so much how frequently you wash your hair but what you wash your hair with!

Myth Number Two: We often hear that bad blood circulation starves the hair follicles which make them fall out. Although patients with poor blood circulation do not appear to be more likely to suffer from alopecia, tight fitting hats and wigs may cause hair loss in a very small minority of people. The mechanism is still unclear but if it occurs, this may be due to the impairment of blood flow in the scalp. That is why extreme care should be taken by alopecia sufferers who wear these garments on their heads.

Myth Number Three: Hats and wigs cause hair loss. This is untrue on the whole, all hats and wigs do is just cover your hair. Hats may even help shield your hair against the damaging causes of direct sunlight. However, if you are a sufferer of alopecia you should avoid tight fitting hats and wigs in our opinion.

Myth Number Four: 100 strokes of the hair brush daily will create healthier hair. Brushing your hair does stimulate the glands on your scalp to produce oil that will keep your hair healthy. However, a hundred brush strokes does more damage to your hair than what you wish intend. A hundred brush strokes on thinning and fragile hair will be more devastating than helpful. It is important to look after thinning and fragile hair and gentle brushing should be sufficient to maintain the condition of your hair and can be of benefit. Tangles should be separated by fingers without pulling the hair.

Myth Number Five: Permanent hair loss is caused by perms, colors and other cosmetic treatments. Whilst treatments on hair can damage the nutrients and make it less healthy it will not lead to permanent alopecia. However, should hair loss be experienced after perms etc. then you should avoid them. That is why you have to scrutinize whatever you use in your hair since improper use of products may cause potential hair loss.

Myth Number Six: Women are expected to develop significant hair loss if they are healthy. Utter rubbish.

Myth Number Seven: Shaving one’s head will cause the hair to grow back thicker. This is just not true. In fact, if you are suffering from androgenetiic alopecia, this will actually severely quicken your hair loss.

Myth Number Eight: Standing on one’s head will cause increased circulation and thereby stimulate hair growth. We’re afraid not; although poor blood circulation may cause some hair loss, increasing blood circulation just does not stimulate hair growth either.

Myth Number Nine: Dandruff causes permanent hair loss. This is simply not true. Dandruff is a condition of the scalp, not the hair. Dandruff occurs because of the excessive shedding of cells on your scalp skin. For dandruff sufferers, the natural process of scalp-cell renewal is accelerated when fighting off P. ovale, a normal fungus found on every human head.

Myth Number Ten: We often see TV personalities and even some doctors say that stress makes your hair fall out! Although it is unclear whether stress coming from severe life events can cause alopecia, there are case reports indicating that this may be so. It is however very rare and frequently no cause can be found for severe and rapid developing alopecia. Patients who have suffered hair loss following a stressful event may still benefit from specific treatment to assist in hair re-growth.

Myth Number Eleven: Hair loss does not occur in the late teens or early twenties. Whilst fairly rare this is not true. Alopecia or hair loss may happen to anyone regardless of their age.

Now what really causes androgenetic alopecia or hair loss in women?

The most common type of hair loss seen in women is androgenetic alopecia, also known as female pattern alopecia or baldness. This is seen as hair thinning predominantly over the top and sides of the head. It affects approximately one-third of all susceptible women, but is most commonly seen after menopause, although it may begin as early as puberty. Normal hair fall is approximately 100-125 hairs per day. Fortunately, these hairs are replaced by the mechanisms in the body. True hair loss occurs when lost hairs are not re-grown or when the daily hair shed exceeds 125 hairs. Genetically, hair loss can come from either parents’ side of the family.

There are two different types of hair loss, medically known as Anagen effluvium and Telogen effluvium. Anagen effluvium or loss of hair that is in the anagen or growing phase is generally due to internally administered medications, such as chemotherapy agents, that poison the growing hair follicles. Telogen effluvium on the other hand, is due to an increased number of hair follicles entering the resting stage. The most common causes of Telogen effluvium are: (1)Physical stress: surgery, illness, anemia, rapid weight change; (2)Emotional stress: mental illness, death of a family member; (3)Thyroid abnormalities; (4)Medications: High doses of Vitamin A, Blood pressure medications, Gout medications; and (5)Hormonal causes: pregnancy, birth control pills, menopause. When the above causes of telogen effluvium are reversed or altered you should see the return of normal hair growth.

Hair loss in women: androgenetic alopecia, anagen effluvium and telogen effluvium can be lessened and reduced, even stopped. All you need to do is know the right information about alopecia and do the right things to combat these conditions. There are lots of hair loss treatment medicines available out there; all you need to do is to know which one is the right one for you, depending on the extent of the hair loss. Remember, that the longer you wait to treat your hair loss, the harder it will be to achieve good results. So if you want to win this hair loss battle, stand up and do it now! The quicker you take action the easier it’s going to get.

There is a general belief that hair loss only happens to men. Women are expected by society to carry a full head of hair all their lives. People believe that men are the only ones susceptible to hair thinning or balding, especially if there is a family history.
Hair loss statistics, however, can disprove this theory. A survey done by the American Academy of Dermatology shows that at least 30 million women are facing hair loss issues in the United States. Another study published in Dermatologic Surgery says that a lot of young and middle-aged women suffer from hair loss problems. Moreover, the incidence of female hair loss is continually increasing.Causes of Women Hair Loss
But what causes hair loss in women? To best understand that, it is important to know the hair growth cycle. Scientists say that our hair usually grows at the rate of half an inch a month. This growing phase, called Anagen, usually lasts for two years but it can last as long as six years. After this long period of growth, the Catagen phase comes. This is the transitional period in which the hair stops growing. Finally, Telogen occurs, which is the last resting stage of the hair. This lasts for about five to six weeks. Near the end of Telogen, new strands of hair in the Anagen phase develop and pushes out the old Telogen hair. Around 90 percent of our hair are in Anagen, while the remaining 10 percent are in Telogen.
In those with a genetic predisposition to hair loss, hormones called androgens interfere with the normal hair growth cycle. These androgens are found in men in large amounts and in women in smaller amounts. When testosterone, an androgen, comes in contact with the enzymes found in our hair, it is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), an androgen that disturbs the hair growth cycle. DHT induces hair loss since its build up causes hair follicles to shrink and eventually die. For a long time, scientists believed that this is the cause of balding for both men and women.
However, more experts now believe that other types of enzymes and hormones are involved in female balding. What gave rise to this new theory is the difference in the balding pattern between men and women. In females, balding begins at the top of the head and spreads out. In males, however, balding occurs in the different spots – the crown, sides, and back of the head. Moreover, it has been found that male hair loss is usually the result of family history. With women, hair loss can occur at any point of their lives.Treatments for Women Hair Loss
Thus, hair treatments for women are different than those for men. Hair loss drugs, such as finasteride or dutasteride, are commonly prescribed for men. Hair treatments for women, on the other hand, lean more on surgical procedures, such as hair transplantation, and other methods, such as hair extending or weaving. This is because prescription drugs usually have harmful side effects on pregnant or potentially pregnant women; they may bring about deformities in male fetuses. It is thus recommended that permanent hair loss in women be treated through hair weaving (addition of hair by braiding synthetic or human hair to root of original hair) and hair transplantation (transferring bald-resistant scalp areas to a bald area). But before you consider any procedure for hair loss treatment, it is a must to consult your physician.

Hair is the crown of our head. It provides protection to the skull and at the same time enhances the personality of a person .Though hair loss is a common phenomenon in both men and women; it is more prevalent in men. The most common form of hair loss in men is termed as androgenic alopecia. Hair loss results in baldness which has a deteriorating effect on a person’s self esteem, dignity & confidence. Though hair loss is more common among men, for women the experience is nothing less than a trauma.

Hair loss may be a symptom for certain underlying diseases. Though there are many reasons which could be attributed to hair loss, the prime among them is hormonal imbalance. It is a well known fact that hormone secretion should be in balanced proportion which in turn regulates various body functions .One such hormone named thyroxine, secreted from the thyroid gland and certain male and female hormones like androgen & estrogen are responsible for hair loss in case of imbalance. Other factor involves long term illness, or a surgery which creates a sense of frustration and stress, thus creating hormonal imbalance in our body.

Moreover the intake of certain medicines & drugs for ailments like cancer, depression etc & birth control pills result in hair loss as they contain anticoagulant, which causes the thinning of the blood. Improper hair styling and treatment, like wearing tight cornrows & ponytails, treating hair with chemicals, perming, coloring etc may result in hair loss. Poor nutrition could yet be another reason for hair loss. In order to prevent hair loss you could resort to certain home made remedies & natural medicines. Temporary hair loss could be treated by having a balanced diet or avoiding stress. Human hair is composed of keratin, a protein also found in the nails & by consuming protein rich food hair loss could be prevented. Excessive hair loss calls for the consultation with a dermatologist who after confirming the particular reason for hair loss would prescribe the requisite treatment.

Before taking upon any hair loss treatment it is beneficial to remember the three main principles of hair treatment. First is the proven treatment which recommends using treatments that are approved and have shown proven results. Second are pictures which are taken at various stages of hair treatment so as to know what the progress is and how effectively the treatment is doing. Last but not the least is the principle of patience, you need to realize that there would not be any overnight results and it would require a minimum of six months for the treatment to begin working and around two years for the successful results to appear.

Hair loss remains one of the primary concerns of millions of people worldwide, especially men. It is caused by various factors such as hormonal changes, aging, family history, and trauma such as burns. It usually is the case that the earlier hair loss starts, the more severe it will become. Hair replacement surgery or hair transplantation may be a good option to consider as a reconstructive treatment for baldness.
Hair transplantation involves taking some parts of the scalp that are bald-resistant and transferring them to a bald area. Bald-resistant areas of the scalp are those that are found at the sides and at the back of the head. These transplanted areas will generally grow hair throughout your life since they are proven to be genetically resistant to becoming bald. The transplant would look more natural if only a few hairs are relocated per session. This is because of the fact that human hair grows in one to four strands of hair per grouping of follicle.
In general, there are 3 types of hair transplantation methods.1. Follicular Unit Strip Surgery (FUSS)
In this procedure, a strip of hair from the donor region is taken and implanted on the thinning or balding area. Sutures are then used to close the donor area. The area would take several days to heal. This procedure is best for average to extreme balding cases since it allows several grafts to be transplanted in a single session.2. Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE)
This procedure is more recent and more popular than the first one. What happens here is that the strands of hair are transplanted from the back and sides of your head in groups of one up to four, since this is how hair naturally grows. Because it mimics how human hair actually grows, the procedure delivers results that look more natural. Another advantage that this procedure has over the other is that it does not involve major and deep cuttings. Thus, the recovery time is shorter and the scars that arise are fewer.3. Scalp Reduction
This type of hair transplantation is rarely performed. The bald area is surgically removed and the hair-bearing scalp is stretched in order to replace what has been removed. This method is very costly. It could also increase the possibility of the tightening of the scalp, which would only lead to its thinning.
If you’re considering having a hair transplantation procedure done, you should first understand that the coverage that you had prior to hair loss will never be brought back. What this surgical procedure can do for you is to make your scalp achieve more fullness and cover the thinning areas. Moreover, it is important to know that as with other forms of surgery, hair transplantation carries with it several risks and complications. It is possible that like in other transplant procedures, the skin graft may “die”, thus requiring a repeat of the process. Also, small bumps may form on the scalp. Hair transplantation is normally safe when it is done by a qualified doctor. Still, each case is unique and the reaction to the transplant may differ from case to case. Make sure you understand the whole process before you consider undergoing it.

Alopecia areata is an unpredictable disease affecting about 2% of the world’s population and is the second most common type of hair loss after male and female pattern baldness. It is often called spot baldness or patch baldness due to its patchy balding pattern. In severe cases, it can affect the whole scalp (alopecia totalis) or the entire body (alopecia universalis). It is not yet known what causes alopecia areata. It is believed to be an autoimmune disease triggered by a person’s autoimmune system, which decides to attack its own hair follicles. Sometimes the hair grows back a few years later and stays and sometimes it falls out again. Although there is no treatment for alopecia areata that works 100%, some treatments have been proven to improve this condition. The most popular treatment option, which does not require a doctor’s prescription, is topical minoxidil, such as Rogaine. It can be used alone or in combination with other medicinal treatments that will be discussed later.

The most common prescription treatments for alopecia areata are corticosteroid shots, injected straight into the bald spot, and steroid gels and creams. Corticosteroid injections are a more effective but also the more painful option of the two. The aim of this approach is to suppress the autoimmune reaction but it has been proven to work only on small bald spots. Another common treatment for small bald spots, which is thought to affect the autoimmune reaction, is the application of topical anthralin. Anthralin is a tar-like substance used to treat psoriasis.

Topical immunotherapy is the most common form of treatment for extensive alopecia areata (for more info read: http://www.greyhairloss.com/blog/alopecia-areata-treatments.html). It employs an immunosuppressant such as cyclosporine that is applied to the skin to cause a skin reaction similar to mild eczema, which in some cases leads to hair re-growth. This method is also the most radical form of treatment, causing an array of negative side effects.

Another therapy for extensive alopecia areata is PUVA, which stands for “psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation”, consisting of a topical or oral application of psoralen, followed by ultraviolet radiation. This method is better tolerated than topical immunotherapy but it is also less effective.

A recently conducted clinical study with sulfasalazine also spells some promise for patients with severe cases of alopecia areata. Sulfasalazine is an anti-inflammatory medication first applied to treat rheumatoid arthritis and is hoped to soon be used to treat alopecia areata.

This is the overview of the most common medicinal treatments for alopecia areata. There obviously is a number of other alternative therapies that are claimed to help treat this condition and do not require a doctor’s visit. Consumers should be aware that none of these products has ever been clinically shown to be effective in treating alopecia areata and such claims are legitimate only because these products are not regulated pharmaceuticals but non-regulated cosmetics.

Make no mistake about it hair loss treatment scams abound in today’s society. All you have to do is take a look on the internet.  You will find so many hair loss products that claim to absolutely do away with hair loss for good.  These scams have unfortunately robbed many people of their hard earned money and maybe even worse, their hopes of ever uncoveringing a true help for their situation.

But is it fair to completely reduce the entire hair loss industry as a fraud? Are the patients who are losing hair prematurely at the mercy of their fate only? Certainly not, as there are some treatments available that are quite genuine, safe and available within a tight budget. The FDA approves some of them and others have included the natural ingredients into their drugs or the treatment procedure to treat hair loss problems. But effectiveness of these treatment highly depends on several factors affecting individual cases.

The first step to successful treatment is to discover the real cause of the thinning of the hair.  That may sound simple but you will be amazed at how many people ignore this step. As most of the sufferers try to self-diagnose their problem and then proceed to their chosen treatment. Remember the loss of hair can sometimes be attributed to certain medications.  In these cases the hair will return once the drug is stopped.  So don’t automatically rush out to start a treatment as the cause for your hair loss may be quite simple.

After the real diagnosis of the cause, one can opt for the best medication available and affordable at the time. The treatment can be as easy as taking an over-the- counter treatments or some prescription drugs to counter the imbalance of certain hormones.  If the damage to the hair follicles is mild than these over the counter medications may be successful.  One solution is to take minoxidil which helps prevent baldness. However, if there is extensive thinning of the hair it likely reveals lots of damage to the hair follicles.  In these extreme cases a hair transplant my be the way to go. 

There are many causes factors that contribute to the loss of hair, like disturbance of hormone activities, wrong ways of grooming, lack of good nutrition, ill effects of some medical drugs and misuse of some drugs or chemicals, weak immune system, aging etc. But there’s no reason to lose hope, as with proper treatment all concerns of losing hair can be resolved effectively.  For more information read the special report below.